voice works everywhere, literacy optional

communication reach ⇒ income

robust device (power, ruggedness)

low cost (→ $15)

Somes users have SIM cards but no phone. (why?)

Phone lady rents cell phone to her neighbor on a per-minute basis

>2x average income

Financed by microfinance loans (for phone + batteries)

50,000 villages covered in Bangladesh (out of 68000)

Human in the loop maintains the system

DR apps based on SMS/e-mail/voice

“normal” phones (not smart phones)

health care apps: disease surveillance, maternal care tracking/notifications, logistics/supplies

government apps: crime reporting, citizen surveys

Peru has broad program to allow SMS of money between users

Backed by Scotiabank, 400 outlets in 27 cities in Peru

2.9B$ in remittances to Peru

93B$ in remittances to Africa every year

M-Pesa service in Kenya; Safaricom's mobile shops become the banking center

community health workers: medical records, simple sensors

microfinance officers: loan records, authentication

school principles: reports, attendence, content?

Using Mobile Phones for Secure, Distributed Document Processing in the Developing World

Wikipedia on barcodes

Mixed paper/phone applications

Users trust paper: tangible, persistent, low cost, familiar

CAM uses 2D barcodes to encode instructions in a scripting document

Facilitates forms, workflow, security

Claim: can authenticate paper (non forgability of checks)

Hypothesis: camera phone can read fingerprints